RIASEC and World-of-Work Map

有时候，我们会觉得工作不快乐，感觉到事业并没有向着成功前进，甚至希望渺茫。为什么会出现这样的情况呢？这往往是因为自己在做没有发挥自身特长、不感兴趣而倍感疲惫的工作，在工作中没有获得满足感。因此，适当地进行职业生涯规划很重要，对于刚从校园走入社会的学生尤为重要。

职业生涯规划的方法有很多，如人职匹配理论、理性决策理论、职业发展理论和心理发展理论。本文讨论人职匹配理论，这个理论与个人工作的快乐程度密切相关。每个人都有自己独特的性格特点和能力模式，这些特点与某些特定的职业相关联。

首先介绍World-of-Work Map。美国ACT将通常的职业划分为26种典型类型，这些类型可以按照其工作特点与Data、Things、Ideas和People以及处于中间地带的Data&Things、Things&Ideas、Ideas&People和People&Data来归类。如下图WOW Map所示：

简要定义解释：

• Data: Facts, numbers, files, business procedures
• Things: Machines, tools, living things, and materials such as food, wood, or metal
• Ideas: Knowledge, insights, theories, new ways of saying or doing something
• People: Care, services, leadership, sales

26种典型类型划分为6个族，如下面列表所示：

TECHNICAL

• Transport Operation & Related
  Aircraft Pilot; Astronaut; Bus Driver; Locomotive Engineer; Ship Captain; Truck Driver
• Agriculture, Forestry & Related
  Aquaculturist; Farm Manager; Forester; Nursery/Greenhouse Manager; Tree Surgeon (Arborist)
• Computer & Information Specialties
  Actuary; Archivist/Curator; Computer Programmer; Computer Systems Analyst; Web Site Developer
• Construction & Maintenance
  Carpenter; Electrician; Firefighter; Plumber; Security System Installer
• Crafts & Related
  Cabinetmaker; Chef/Cook; Jeweler; Tailor/Dressmaker; Winemaker
• Manufacturing & Processing
  Printing Press Operator; Sheet Metal Worker; Tool & Die Maker; Water Plant Operator; Welder
• Mechanical & Electrical Specialties
  Locksmith; Millwright; Technicians in various fields (for example, Automotive, Avionics, Broadcast, Sound)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

• Engineering & Technologies
  Architect, Engineers (for example, Civil, Mechanical) & Technicians (for example, Energy, Quality Control) in various fields; Production Planner; Surveyor
• Natural Science & Technologies
  Biologist; Food Technologist; Geologist; Meteorologist; Physicist
• Medical Technologies
  Dietician/Nutritionist; Optician; Pharmacist; Radiographer Technologists in various fields (for example, Medical, Surgical)
• Medical Diagnosis & Treatment
  Anesthesiologist; Dentist; Nurse Practitioner; Physical Therapist; Physician; Veterinarian
• Social Science
  Anthropologist; Criminologist; Political Scientist; Experimental Psychologist; Sociologist

ARTS

• Applied Arts (Visual)
  Animator; Fashion Designer; Graphic Artist (Software); Photographer; Set Designer
• Creative & Performing Arts
  Actor; Composer (Music); Dancer/Choreographer; Fashion Model; Musician; Writer/Author
• Applied Arts (Written & Spoken)
  Advertising Copywriter; Columnist; Editor; Interpreter; Librarian; Reporter/Journalist

SOCIAL SERVICE

• Health Care
  Athletic Trainer; Dental Hygienist; Health Services; Administrator; Psychiatric Technician; Recreational Therapist
• Education
  Athletic Coach; College/University Faculty; Educational Administrator; Teachers in various specialties (for example, Art, Foreign Language, Music)
• Community Services
  Counselors in various specialties (for example, Mental Health, Rehabilitation); Director (Social Service); Lawyer; Social Worker
• Personal Services
  Barber; Flight Attendant; Gaming Occupations Worker; Hairstylist/Cosmetologist

ADMINISTRATION & SALES

• Employment-Related Services
  Employee Benefits Manager; Employment Interviewer; Human Resources Manager; Labor Relations Specialist; Training/Education Manager
• Marketing & Sales
  Advertising Manager; Buyer; Insurance Agent; Real Estate Agent; Sales/Marketing Manager; Travel Agent
• Management
  Financial Manager; Foreign Service Officer; General Manager/Executive; Hotel/Motel Manager; Property/Real Estate Manager
• Regulation & Protection
  Customs Inspector; Detective (Police); FBI Agent; Food & Drug Inspector; Park Ranger; Police Officer

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

• Communications & Records
  Abstractor; Court Reporter; Hotel Clerk; Medical Record Technician; Title Examiner/Searcher
• Financial Transactions
  Accountant/Auditor; Bank Teller; Budget/Credit Analyst; Insurance Underwriter; Real Estate Appraiser; Tax Accountant
• Distribution & Dispatching
  Air Traffic Controller; Flight Dispatcher; Mail Carrier; Shipping/Receiving Clerk; Warehouse Supervisor

其次介绍RIASEC。在职业类型定义清晰后，我们需要对个人的职业兴趣进行定义。RIASEC代表6种职业兴趣类型（Holland Type），分别取自下述英文的第一字母：

• Realistic – practical, physical, hands-on, tool-oriented
• Investigative -analytical, intellectual, scientific, explorative
• Artistic – creative, original, independent, chaotic
• Social – cooperative, supporting, helping, healing/nurturing
• Enterprising – competitive environments, leadership, persuading
• Conventional – detail-oriented, organizing, clerical

Holland Type与WOW Map的典型职业类型之间的关系，通过下图可知：

6个Holland Type（RIASEC）分别对应6个族的典型职业类型：

Realistic – TECHNICAL
现实型R的共同特点：愿意使用工具从事操作性工作，动手能力强，做事手脚灵活，动作协调。偏好于具体任务，不善言辞，做事保守，较为谦虚。缺乏社交能力，通常喜欢独立做事。

Investigative -SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
研究型I的共同特点：思想家而非实干家，抽象思维能力强，求知欲强，肯动脑，善思考，不愿动手。喜欢独立的和富有创造性的工作。知识渊博，有学识才能，不善于领导他人。考虑问题理性，做事喜欢精确，喜欢逻辑分析和推理，不断探讨未知的领域。

Artistic – ARTS
艺术型A的共同特点：有创造力，乐于创造新颖、与众不同的成果，渴望表现自己的个性，实现自身的价值。做事理想化，追求完美，不重实际。具有一定的艺术才能和个性。善于表达和怀旧，心态较为复杂。

Social – SOCIAL SERVICE
社会型S的共同特点：喜欢与人交往、不断结交新的朋友、善言谈、愿意教导别人。关心社会问题、渴望发挥自己的社会作用。寻求广泛的人际关系，比较看重社会义务和社会道德。

Enterprising – ADMINISTRATION & SALES
企业型E的共同特点：追求权力、权威和物质财富，具有领导才能。喜欢竞争、敢冒风险、有野心、抱负。为人务实，习惯以利益得失，权利、地位、金钱等来衡量做事的价值，做事有较强的目的性。

Conventional – BUSINESS OPERATIONS
常规型C的共同特点：尊重权威和规章制度，喜欢按计划办事，细心、有条理，习惯接受他人的指挥和领导，自己不谋求领导职务。喜欢关注实际和细节情况，通常较为谨慎和保守，缺乏创造性，不喜欢冒险和竞争，富有自我牺牲精神。

使用霍兰德职业兴趣测试，也称为RIASEC测试，可以获得个人的Holland Type。点击这里可以进行霍兰德职业兴趣测试。

通过霍兰德职业兴趣测试的结果，可以找到符合自己职业兴趣的职业类型。
以我的情况来举例，测试结果是EIS：

适合的职业范围优先选择E和I，详细的职业细分可参照前面26种典型职业类型列表：

Enterprising – ADMINISTRATION & SALES
– 20. Employment-Related Services 21. Marketing & Sales 22. Management 23. Regulation & Protection

Investigative – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
– 8. Engineering & Technologies 9. Natural Science & Technologies 10. Medical Technologies 11. Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 12. Social Science

我现在从事的工作性质可归为22. Management，之前从事过8. Engineering & Technologies，自己认为都是擅长的领域。

如果希望进一步确定准确的职业定位，可以参考美国劳工部职业信息网站：霍兰德职业兴趣。我测试结果EIS对应23-1021.00 Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers（法官、仲裁、听证官员）。我想当法官是一个不错的选择，不过在国内法官的要求可能不一样。

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